Getting Started with OpenVEX and vexctl

The vexctl CLI is a tool to make VEX work. As part of the open source OpenVex project, vexctl enables you to create, apply, and attest VEX (Vulnerability Exploitability eXchange) data in order to filter out false positive security alerts.

The vexctl tool was built to help with the creation and management of VEX documents, communicate transparently to users as time progresses, and enable the “turning off” of security scanner alerts of vulnerabilities known not to affect a given product. Using VEX, software authors can communicate to their users that an otherwise vulnerable component has no security implications for their product.

This tutorial will walk you through some common commands in vexctl.

Installing vexctl

If you would like to install vexctl on your local or virtual machine, you will need Go 1.16 or higher. You can install by following the official Go documentation.

Using Go, run the following to install vexctl:

go install github.com/openvex/vexctl@latest

This command will install the latest version of vexctl on your machine.

Confirming Installation

You can confirm that vexctl was installed and is ready to use by running the following command:

vexctl version

You should receive output similar to the following.

 _   _  _____ __   __ _____  _____  _
| | | ||  ___|\ \ / //  __ \|_   _|| |
| | | || |__   \ V / | /  \/  | |  | |
| | | ||  __|  /   \ | |      | |  | |
\ \_/ /| |___ / /^\ \| \__/\  | |  | |____
 \___/ \____/ \/   \/ \____/  \_/  \_____/
vexctl: A tool for working with VEX data

GitVersion:   ...
...
Platform:     ...

This indicates the current version of vexctl on your working machine. You are ready to proceed with working with vexctl.

Creating VEX Documents

With vexctl, VEX data can be created to a file on disk, or it can be captured in a signed attestation that can be attached to a container image. You can create a VEX document by using the vexctl create command.

For example, to create a VEX document with a single statement asserting that the WolfiOS package git-2.38.1-r0 is not affected by a given common vulnerability and exposure (CVE) — let’s say, CVE-2014-123456 — because it has already been mitigated in the distribution, you can run the following.

vexctl create --product="pkg:apk/wolfi/git@2.38.1-r0?arch=x86_64" \
               --vuln="CVE-2014-123456" \
               --status="not_affected" \
               --justification="inline_mitigations_already_exist"

This command notes the following:

• The software product — product — in this case a Wolfi package
• The vulnerability — vuln — in this case a specific CVE
• The current status — status — which can be not_affected, affected, fixed, or under_investigation
• When the status is noted as not_affected, the reason for the status — justification — must be included, and can read inline_mitigations_already_exist or component_not_present

The vexctl create command above renders the following document.

{
  "@context": "https://openvex.dev/ns",
  "@id": "https://openvex.dev/docs/public/vex-cfaef18d38537412a0307ec266bed56aa88fa58b7c1f2c6b8c9ef997028ba4bd",
  "author": "Unknown Author",
  "role": "Document Creator",
  "timestamp": "2023-01-10T20:24:50.498233798-06:00",
  "version": "1",
  "statements": [
    {
      "vulnerability": "CVE-2014-123456",
      "products": [
        "pkg:apk/wolfi/trivy@0.36.1-r0?arch=x86_64"
      ],
      "status": "not_affected",
      "justification": "component_not_present"
    }
  ]
}

You can also create a VEX document with abbreviated information. For instance, when a given CVE was addressed in the image and you want to attest that it has been fixed.

vexctl create "pkg:apk/wolfi/git@2.39.0-r1?arch=x86_64" CVE-2023-12345 fixed

The above workflow demonstrates how to create a VEX document with vexctl on the command line.

Merging Existing VEX Documents

When more than one stakeholder is issuing VEX metadata about a piece of software, vexctl can merge the documents to get the most up-to-date impact assessment of a vulnerability.

Let’s begin with two test documents. You can create these two test documents with a CLI editor such as nano.

The first document is document1.vex.json:

{
  "@context": "https://openvex.dev/ns/v0.2.0",
  "@id": "https://openvex.dev/docs/public/vex-0f3be8817faafa24e4bfb3d17eaf619efb1fe54923b9c42c57b156a936b91431",
  "author": "John Doe",
  "role": "Senior Trusted VEX Issuer",
  "version": 1,
  "statements": [
    {
      "vulnerability": {
        "name": "CVE-1234-5678"
      },
      "products": [
        {
          "@id": "pkg:apk/wolfi/bash@1.0.0"
        }
      ],
      "status": "under_investigation",
      "timestamp": "2023-12-05T05:04:34.77929922Z"
    }
  ],
  "timestamp": "2023-12-05T05:04:34.77929844Z"
}

The second document is document2.vex.json:

{
  "@context": "https://openvex.dev/ns/v0.2.0",
  "@id": "https://openvex.dev/docs/public/vex-3cd938c9a706eba0915883640116cfe813f7d59150cf758b8c869b4926a7cf11",
  "author": "John Doe",
  "role": "Senior Trusted VEX Issuer",
  "version": 1,
  "statements": [
    {
      "vulnerability": {
        "name": "CVE-1234-5678"
      },
      "products": [
        {
          "@id": "pkg:apk/wolfi/bash@1.0.0"
        }
      ],
      "status": "fixed",
      "timestamp": "2023-12-05T05:06:38.099731287Z"
    }
  ],
  "timestamp": "2023-12-05T05:06:38.099730576Z"
}

The two files are generated from a known rule set, also known as “golden data” or a “golden file,” which is reused and reapplied to new releases of the same project.

We can merge the two VEX documents with the vexctl merge command:

vexctl merge --product=pkg:apk/wolfi/bash@1.0.0 \
             document1.vex.json \
             document2.vex.json

The resulting document combines the VEX statements that express data about bash@1.0.0 into a single document.

{
  "@context": "",
  "@id": "merged-vex-67124ea942ef30e1f42f3f2bf405fbbc4f5a56e6e87684fc5cd957212fa3e025",
  "author": "Unknown Author",
  "role": "Document Creator",
  "timestamp": "2023-02-03T21:48:39.582648-05:00",
  "version": "",
  "statements": [
    {
      "vulnerability": "CVE-1234-5678",
      "timestamp": "2022-12-22T16:36:43-05:00",
      "products": [
        "pkg:apk/wolfi/bash@1.0.0"
      ],
      "status": "under_investigation"
    },
    {
      "vulnerability": "CVE-1234-5678",
      "timestamp": "2022-12-22T20:56:05-05:00",
      "products": [
        "pkg:apk/wolfi/bash@1.0.0"
      ],
      "status": "fixed"
    }
  ]
}

This final document tells the whole story of how CVE-2014-123456 was under_investigation and then fixed four hours later, all documented in a single VEX file that was merged with vexctl.

Attesting and Attaching VEX Documents

To attest to and attach VEX statements within a given document to a container image, you can use the vexctl attest command with the --attach and --sign flags.

For example, if you have a container image your-username/your-container-image:latest in a container registry, and a related VEX document hello.vex.json, you can run the following command to attest to that document, attach the document and sign that attestation. If you want to try this example, make sure to replace your-username/your-container-image:latest with the path to your container.

vexctl attest --attach --sign hello.vex.json your-username/your-container-image:latest

Upon running this command, you’ll be taken through a signing workflow with Sigstore. Your terminal output will indicate your progress.

Generating ephemeral keys...
Retrieving signed certificate...

A browser window will open for you to select an OIDC provider. When the attestation is complete, you’ll receive feedback that it was successful.

Successfully verified SCT...
{"payloadType":"application/vnd.in-toto+json","payload":"e...o=","signatures":[{"keyid":"","sig":"MEY...z"}]}

This attestation with .att extension will now live in the container registry as an attachment to your container.

Chronology and VEX Documents

Assessing the impact of CVEs on a software product is process that takes time and the status will change over time. VEX is designed to communicate with users as the status changes, and there may therefore be multiple VEX documents associated with a product.

To understand how this may work in practice, below is an example timeline for the VEX documents associated with a given product and CVE.

1. The software product Linky App becomes aware of CVE-2014-123456, associated with one of its components.
2. Linky App developers issue a VEX data file with a status of under_investigation to inform their users that they are aware of the CVE, but are reviewing whether it has an impact on Linky App.
3. After investigation, the developers determine the CVE has no impact on Linky App because the vulnerable function in the component is never executed.
4. The developers issue a second VEX document with a status of not_affected using the vulnerable_code_not_in_execute_path justification.

When analyzing the VEX documents associated with Linky App, vexctl will review them chronologically and “replay” the known impact statuses in the order they were found, effectively computing the not_affected status.

If a SARIF report is formatted as a VEX document with vexctl, any entries alerting of CVE-2014-123456 will be filtered out.

Learn More

The vexctl tool is open source, you can review the vexctl repository on GitHub, as well as the go-vex Go library for generating, consuming, and operating on VEX documents.

The following blog posts have some background about VEX and OpenVEX:

• What is OpenVex
• Putting VEX To Work
• Reflections on Trusting VEX (or when humans can improve SBOMs)
• Understanding The Promise of VEX

The OpenVEX Specification is owned and steered by the community. You can find the organization page with additional repositories at openvex.dev.